Why it is included
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cell membranes from oxidative damage. It contributes to maintaining cellular integrity and supports the body’s natural antioxidant systems.
Ingredient
Vitamin E
Tocopherol
Supports antioxidant defence in dogs.
Steady energy metabolism
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Supports normal amino acid metabolism and neurological function in dogs.
Steady energy metabolism
Vitamin B12
Supports normal energy metabolism and gastrointestinal function in dogs.
Joint & cartilage function
Glucosamine
Supports cartilage structure and normal joint function.
Antioxidant defenceManganese
Supports normal metabolism and skeletal development in dogs.
Steady energy metabolismFolic acid
Supports normal cellular metabolism and gastrointestinal function in dogs.
Antioxidant defenceZinc
Supports normal immune function, skin health, and antioxidant defence in dogs.
Gut microbiome feedPsyllium husk
Supports stool consistency and healthy bowel rhythm in dogs.
Immune functionYeast cell wall (source of beta-glucans)
Supports normal immune responsiveness in dogs.
Steady energy metabolismTaurine
Supports normal cardiac function and cellular energy balance in dogs.
Bioavailability booster
Piperine
Supports curcumin bioavailability.
Research notes
References for further reading
- Jewell, D.E., Toll, P.W., Wedekind, K.J. and Zicker, S.C. (2000) ‘Effect of increasing dietary antioxidants on concentrations of vitamin E and total alkenals in serum of dogs and cats’, Veterinary Therapeutics, 1(4), pp. 264–272
- Plevnik Kapun, A., Salobir, J., Levart, A., Tavčar Kalcher, G., Nemec Svete, A. and Kotnik, T. (2013) ‘Plasma and skin vitamin E concentrations in canine atopic dermatitis’, Veterinary Quarterly, 33(1), pp. 2–6
- Bradley, C.W., Morris, D.O., Rankin, S.C., Cain, C.L., Misic, A.M., Houser, T., Mauldin, E.A. and Grice, E.A. (2016) ‘Longitudinal evaluation of the skin microbiome and association with microenvironment and treatment in canine atopic dermatitis’, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 136(6), pp. 1182–1190